Advanced Interface Design Lab at the University of Waterloo Home Page. The lab of Catherine Burns.

Cognitive Engineering Lab at the University of Toronto Home Page.  The lab of Kim Vicente..

Cognitive Engineering Research Group at the University of Queensland Home Page.  The lab of Penelope Sanderson’s lab.

Riso National Laboratory Home Page.  Home of Jens Rasmussen, the originator of CWA.

Work Domain Analysis Workbench Home Page . A software tool to aid CWA.

Bisantz, A. M., Roth, E., Brickmann, B., Gosbee, L. L., Hettinger, L., & McKinney, J. "Integrating Cognitive Analyses into a Large Scale System Design Process."  In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting (2001). CWA is used early in the design of a next generation US Navy Surface combatant.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Burns, C. M., Bryant, D. J., & Chalmers, B. A. "Scenario Mapping with Work Domain Analysis." In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting (2001). A method to quickly evaluate a CWA work domain analysis is described.  [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Burns, C. M. & Vicente, K. J. "Model-Based Approaches for Analyzing Cognitive Work: A Comparison of Abstraction Hierarchy, Multilevel Flow Modeling, and Decision Ladder Modeling." International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics Vol 5.3 (2001): 357-366.   [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Chalmers, B. A., Easter, J. R., & Potter, S. S. Decision-Centred Visualizations for Tactical Decision Support on a Modern Frigate. CWA is used to aid in the design of a Combat Control System (CSS) for the Canadian Navy's HALIFAX Class frigate.   [View or Download: Local Copy]

Chin, M., Sanderson, P., & Watson, M. Cognitive Work Analysis of the Command and Control Work Domain. CWA is used to model the Australian Defence Forces' C2 domain.   [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Flach, J. M., Eggleston, R. G., Kuperman, G. G., & Dominguez, C. O. SEAD and the UCAV: A Preliminary Cognitive Systems Analysis. U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Crew System Interface Division, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio (1998). CWA is used to analyze SEAD (Suppresion of Enemy Air Defense) missions using UCAVs (Uninhabited Combat Aerial Vehicles).   [View or Download: Local Copy]

Flach, J. & Kuperman, G. G. Victory by Design: War, Information, and Cognitive Systems Engineering. U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Crew System Interface Division, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio (1998). The applicability of CWA to the domain of information warfare, specifically C4I systems, is explored.  [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Hori, S., Vicente, K. J., Shimizu, Y., & Takami, I. "Putting Cognitive Work Analysis to Work in Industry Practice: Integration With ISO13407 on Human-Centered Design." In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting (2001). CWA is applied to 'the design of industrial systems.   [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Martinez, S. G., Talcott, C., Bennett, K. B., Stansifer, C., & Shattuk, L. "Cognitive Systems Engineering Analyses for Army Tactical Operations." In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting (2001). CWA is used to model army tactical operations.  [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Naikar, N. & Sanderson, P. M. "Evaluating Design Proposals for Complex Systems with Work Domain Analysis." Human Factors Vol 43.4 (2001): 529-42.  

Rasmussen, J., Pejtersen, A. M., & Goodstein, L.P. Cognitive System Engineering. Boston: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1994. A text book on CWA by the originators of the method.

Rasmussen, J., Pejtersen, A. M., & Schmidt, K. Taxonomy for Cognitive Work Analysis. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (1990). A seminal paper on CWA by the originators of the method.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Vicente, K. J. "HCI in the Global Knowledge-Based Economy: Designing to Support Worker Adaptation." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Vol. 7.2 (2000): 263-280. 

Vicente, K. J. Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. A highly readable text book on CWA. In my opinion, the best work on CWA available.

Roth Cognitive Engineering Home Page.  A company founded by Emilie Roth, an originator of ACWA.

Elm, W. Applied Cognitive Work Analysis: ACWA™.  Unpublished briefing given at www.ctaresource.com.. An overview of the ACWA method. Steps through an example use of ACWA. [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Gualtieri, J. W., Elm, W. C., Potter, S. S., & Roth, E. "Analysis with a Purpose: Narrowing the Gap With a Pragmatic Approach."  In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting (2001). An overview of ACWA.

Means, C. D., Darling, E., & Perron, J. Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to Time Critical Targeting. MITRE Technical Report MTR 02B0000047 (October 2002). ACWA is applied to Time Critical Targeting (TCT). The results are used to guide the evaluation of a TCT software system.

McNeese, M. D. & Vidulich, M. A., Eds. Cognitive Systems Engineering in Military Aviation Environments: Avoiding Cogminutia Fragmentosa! Human Systems Information Analysis Center (2002). Includes a chapters on a Perceptual Control Theory based approach to systems design which utilizes IPME as a modeling framework.   [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Potter, S. S., Elm, W. C., Roth, E. M., Gualtieri, J. W., & Easter, J. R.. Bridging the Gap Between Cognitive Analysis and Effective Decision Aiding. April 2001. An overview of ACWA and how it may be used to develop decision support systems.  [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Potter, S. S., Elm, W. C., Roth, E. M., & Woods, D. D. The Development of a Computer-Aided Cognitive Systems Engineering Tool to Facilitate the Design of Advanced Decision Support Systems. U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (2001). Describes a computerized tool (CACSE) to assist in conducting ACWA. View or Download:  Local Copy]

Potter, S. S., Roth, E. M., Woods, D. D., & Elm, W. C. Bootstrapping Multiple Converging Cognitive Task Analysis Techniques for System Design. In Chipman, Shalin & Schraagen, Eds. Cognitive Task Analysis. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. 317-340.

Roth, E. M., Patterson, E. S., & Mumaw, R. J. Cognitive Engineering: Issues in User-Centered System Design. In J.J. Marciniak, Ed. Encylopedia of Software Engineering (2nd Edition). NY: John Wiley and Sons. Describes the use of CTA, CWA, ACWA, and computational cognitive modeling in the design of user-centered systems.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Roth, E., Elm, W., & Potter, S. MITRE CTA Workshop Notes: Overview, Comparisons, and Exercises in Cognitive Task Analysis. September 2001. Primarily a tutorial on ACWA, but also describes ACTA, PARI, structured interviews, and other CTA methods and their place in system design.

Boy, G. A. Cognitive Function Analysis., Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1998. The text book on CFA by its originator.

Boy, G. A. Active Design Documents. ACM (1997).

Boy, G. A. "Cognitive Function Analysis for Human-Centered Automation of Safety-Critical Systems." In Proceedings of CHI '98 (1998). The use of CFA to design automation systems in the commercial aviation domain is discussed.

Boy, G. A. Active Design Documents as Software Agents that Mediate Participatory Design and Traceability. In Chipman, Shalin & Schraagen, Eds. Cognitive Task Analysis. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. 291-301.

Essens, P., Fallesen, J., McCann, C., Cannon-Bowers, J., & Dorfel, G. COADE: A Framework for Cognitive Analysis, Design, and Evaluation. NATO Defence Research Group (January 1995). The seminal work on the COADE framework.

Chery, S. & Farrell, P. S. E. A Look at Behaviourism and Perceptual Control Theory in Interface Design. Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Report Number 98-R-12 (1998).  [View or Download: Local Copy]

McNeese, M. D. & Vidulich, M. A., Eds. Cognitive Systems Engineering in Military Aviation Environments: Avoiding Cogminutia Fragmentosa! Human Systems Information Analysis Center (2002). Includes a chapters on a Perceptual Control Theory based approach to systems design which utilizes IPME as a modeling framework.   [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Chapanis, A. Human Factors in Systems Engineering. Describes how human factors techniques and considerations are integrated in the systems engineering process

Kieras, D. E. Task Analysis and the Design of Functionality. In CRC Handbook of Computer Science and Engineering. CRC Press Inc. A survey of Task Analysis methods and their application in the design process.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Kirwan, B. & Ainsworth, L. K. A Guide to Task Analysis. London: Taylor and Francis, 1992. A text book of various task analysis techniques and their use in the systems engineering process.

Sanders, M. S. & McCormick, E. J. Human Factors Engineering and Design. NY: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1993. An introductory text book in the field of human factors engineering.

Aptima's Information Flow Analysis Simulation Tool (IFAST) software Home Page. 

Davis, J. G., Subrahmanian, E., Konda, S., Granger, H.., Collins, M., & Westerberg, A. W. Creating Shared Information Spaces to Support Collaborative Design Work.   [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Meister, D. (1989). Conceptual Aspects of Human Factors. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Randel, J. M., Pugh, L. H., & Wyman, B. G. Methods for Conducting Cognitive Task Analysis for a Decision Making Task. Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (1996). The Critical Incident Method, Interviewing, and Information Flow Modeling are used to study a decision making task.   [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Kirwan, B. & Ainsworth, L. K. A Guide to Task Analysis. London: Taylor and Francis, 1992. A text book of various task analysis techniques and their use in the systems engineering process.

Meister, D. (1989). Conceptual Aspects of Human Factors. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Campbell, G. E., Cannon-Bowers, J., Glenn, F., Zachary, W., Laughery, R., & Klein, G. Dynamic Function Allocation in the SC-21 Manning Initiative Program. Office of Naval Research, SC-21 Science and Technology Manning Affordability Initiative. Issues regarding the dynamic reallocation of system functions between humans and automated components are explored.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Dearden, A., Harrison, M., &Wright, P. Allocation of Functions: Scenarios, Context, and the Economics of Effort. Office of Naval Research, SC-21 Science and Technology Manning Affordability Initiative. Function Allocation that makes use of scenarios as the basic unit of design is described.   [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Fitts, P. M., Ed. (1951). Human Engineering for an Effective Air Navigation and Traffic Control System. National Research Council, Washington. Presents the original "Fitts Lists", which list characteristics of tasks that humans are most suited for and characteristics of tasks that machines are most suited for.

Merisol, M. & Saidane, A. A Tool to Support Function Allocation. Describes a software tool to support Function Allocation.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Price, H. E. "The Allocation of Functions in Systems." Human Factors Vol 27.1 (1985): 33-45.

Carroll, J.M., Ed. Scenario-based design: Envisioning work and technology in system development. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.

McDermott, P., Klein, G., Thordsen, M., Ransom, S., & Paley, M. Representing the Cognitive Demands of New Systems: A Decision-Centered Design Approach. CTA techniques and Scenario-Driven Design are examined as tools to support the design of Airborne Laser Battle Management systems.   [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Rosson, M. B., Caroll, J. M., & Cerra, D. D., Eds. Usability Engineering: Scenario Based Development of Human Computer Interaction. Morgan Kaufmann, 2001.

Kirwan, B. & Ainsworth, L. K. A Guide to Task Analysis. London: Taylor and Francis, 1992. A text book of various task analysis techniques and their use in the systems engineering process.