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III. Cognitive and Behavioral Processes
   
  A. System Evaluation Methods:
    1. Heuristic Evaluation

Drury, J. & Bowen, C. MITRE Institute Course Notes: HCI Survival Skills for Systems Engineers. MITRE Corporation (2001). Heuristic evaluation, usability testing, structured Interviews, focus groups, and other HCI techniques are described.

Nielsen, J. Usability Engineering. San Diego, CA: Academic Press,1993. Usability testing, usability heuristics, and the usability engineering lifecycle are described.

Nielsen, J. & Mack, R. L. Usability Inspection Methods. Boston: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1994. Detailed advice of how to perform usability inspections, including heurisitic evaluation and cognitive walkthroughs.

Nielsen, J. & Phillips, V. L. "Estimating the Relative Usability of Two Interfaces: Heuristic, Formal, and Empirical Methods Compared." In Proceedings of CHI '93 (April 1993). Heurisitc evaluation, GOMS, and usability testing are compared in an examination of two user interfaces.

Polson, P., Rieman, J., & Wharton, C. Usability Inspection Methods: Rationale and Examples. Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Report No. 92-0 (1992). The cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation are described.  [View or Download:  Local Copy]

    2. Walk-throughs/Cognitive Walk-throughs/Talk-throughs

Jacobsen, N. E. & John, B. E. Two Case Studies in Using Cognitive Walkthrough for Interface Evaluation. Carnegie Mellon University, Report No. CMU-CHII-00-100 (May 2000). Cognitive walkthrough is performed in two case studies. Suggestions as to how the method can be made more accurate and reliable are proposed. A tool to reduce the tedium of conducting the method is proposed as well.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

John, B. E. & Packer, H. "Learning and Using the Cognitive Walkthrough Method: A Case Study Approach." In Proceedings of CHI '95 (1995).   [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Jakob, N. & Mack, R. L. Usability Inspection Methods. Boston: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1994. Detailed advice of how to perform usability inspections, including heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthroughs.

Wharton, C., Bradford, J., Jeffries, R., & Franzke, M. "Applying Cognitive Walkthroughs to More Complex User Interfaces: Experiences, Issues, and Recommendations." In Proceeding of CHI '92 (May 1992).  

Polson, P., Rieman, J., & Wharton, C. Usability Inspection Methods: Rationale and Examples. Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Report No. 92-0 (1992). The cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation are described.  [View or Download:  Local Copy]

    3. Formal Usability Studies:

Drury, J. & Bowen, C. MITRE Institute Course Notes: HCI Survival Skills for Systems Engineers. MITRE Corporation (2001). Heuristic evaluation, usability testing, structured Interviews, focus groups, and other HCI techniques are discussed. 

Mayhew, D. J. The Usability Engineering Lifecycle: A Practioner's Handbook for User Interface Design. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999. Contextual task analysis, usability evaluation, rapid prototyping, and other HCI design techniques are described at all phases of the system design process. 

Nielsen, J. Usability Engineering. San Diego, CA: Academic Press,1993. Usability testing, usability heuristics, and the usability engineering lifecycle are described.

Nielsen, J. & Phillips, V. L. "Estimating the Relative Usability of Two Interfaces: Heuristic, Formal, and Empirical Methods Compared." In Proceedings of CHI '93 (April 1993). Heurisitc evaluation, GOMS, and usability testing are compared in an examination of two user interfaces. 

    4. Rapid Prototyping:

Mayhew, D. J. The Usability Engineering Lifecycle: A Practioner's Handbook for User Interface Design. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999. Contextual task analysis, usability evaluation, rapid prototyping, and other HCI design techniques are described at all phases of the system design process.

Thompson, M. & Wishbow, N. "Improving Software and Documentation Quality Through Rapid Prototyping." In Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference on Systems Documentation (1992). Advocates the use of rapid prototyping as a vehicle for allowing technical communicators to become a part of the development team.  

Wilson, B., Jonassen, D., & Cole, P. Cognitive Approaches to Instructional Design.  In G.M. Piskurich, Ed. The ASTD handbook of instructional technology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993. The use of rapid prototyping to aid instructional design is discussed.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

    5. Storyboarding:

Halskov Madsen, K. & Aiken, P. H. "Experiences Using Cooperative Interactive Storyboard Prototyping." Communications of the ACM Vol 36.4 (1993): 57-67. Storyboarding is used to design a user interface for a VCR.  

    6. Interface Evaluation Surveys:

Brykczynski, B. "A Survey of Software Inspection Checklists."  Software Engineering Notes Vol 24.1 (1999): 82-90.  [View or Download:  Local Copy]

Mahemoff, M. J. & Johnston, L. J. "Principles for a Usability-Oriented Pattern Language." In Calder, P. & Thomas, B., Eds. Proceedings of OZCHI '98 (1998): 132-139.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

    7. Ergonomics Checklists:

Kirwan, B. & Ainsworth, L. K. A Guide to Task Analysis. London: Taylor and Francis, 1992. A text book of various task analysis techniques and their use in the systems engineering process.

    8. Contextual Inquiry:

Beyer, Hugh & Holtzblatt, Karen. Contextual Design: A Customer-Centered Approach to Systems Design. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002. A text book on contextual inquiry by the originators of the method.

Raven, M. E. & Flanders, A. "Using Contextual Inquiry to Learn About Your Audiences." Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation Vol 20.1 (1996). Describes how technical communicatros can use Contextual Inquiry to gather information about their audiences. 

   
  B. Theoretical Frameworks
    1. Activity Theory:

Bardram, Jakob E. "Plans as Situated Action: An Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems." In Proceedings of ECSCW '97 Conference (1997). Describes situated cognition and activity theory.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

    2. Situated Cognition:

Bardram, Jakob E. "Plans as Situated Action: An Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems." In Proceedings of ECSCW '97 Conference (1997). Describes situated cognition and activity theory.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Wilson, B. G. & Madsen Myers, K. Situated Cognition in Theoretical and Practical Context. In D. Jonassen & S. Lands, Eds. Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999.  [View or Download: Local Copy]

    3. Distributed Cognition:

Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., & Kirsh, D. "Distributed Cognition: Toward a New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Research." ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction Vol 7.2 (2000). Proposes distributed cognition as a new foundation for HCI.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Hutchins, E. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1995. The distributed cognition approach is applied in an extended analysis of ship navigation

Rogers, Y. A Brief Introduction to Distributed Cognition. School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Rogers, Y. & Ellis, J. "Distributed Cognition: An Alternative Framework for Analysing and Explaining Collaborative Working."  Journal of Information Technology Vol 9.2 (1994) 119-128.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

Wright, P., Fields, B., & Harrison, M. "Analysing Human-Computer Interaction as Distributed Cognition: The Resources Model."  Human Computer Interaction Vol 15.1 (2000): 1-42. Presents an approach to interaction modeling inspired by the distributed cognition framework.  [View or Download: From Source / Local Copy]

    4. Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM): 

Klein, G. (1998). Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Salas, E. & Klein, G., Eds. (2001). Linking Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

The 6th Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making (2003). [View or Download: From Source]

Zsambok, C. E. & Klein, G., Eds. (1996). Naturalistic Decision Making. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.